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LECTURE 






LIFE AND MILITARY SERVICES 



GENERAL JAMES CLINTON. 



READ BErORE THE 



KEW-^YOKK III.^TOBICAT^ SOCIETY, Feb. 1S39. 



EY WILLIAM W. CAMPBELL. 



NEW-YORK: 

PRINTED BY WILLIAM O S B O R N . 

88 William-Street. 

1839. 



/ 



LECTURE 



LIFE AND MILITARY SERVICES 



GENERAL JAMES CLINTON. 



HEAD BEFOHB THE 



IVEir-TORK mSTOBICAL. 80CIETV, Feb. 1S30. 



BY WILLIAM W. CAMPBELL. 

It 



NEW-YORK: 
PRINTED BY WILLIAM OSBORN, 

88 William-Street. 

1839, 



E 0. 1 '- 



' V . 



LECTURE 



It was beautifully and truly said by Montgomery, that it 
is difficult to convey to others an accurate impression of an 
impassioned speaker; that it is like "gathering up dew-drops, 
which appear indeed jewels and pearls in the grass, but 
run to water in tlie hand. The essence and the ele- 
ments remain, but the grace, the sparkle, and the form, are 
gone." He who has attempted the task will have realized the 
force and the truth of the poet's observation, and will have 
felt regret and disappointment when he perceives that his de- 
scription is comparatively tame and spiritless, of events, and 
scenes, and efforts which charmed him as a beholder, and 
produced impressions which are glowing and fresh in his 
memory. But if the speaker possessed the power of convey- 
ing to this audience correct impressions of eloquent men, he 
would not be called upon to exercise that power in discharg- 
ing the duty which he has assumed this evening. The indi- 
vidual, whose biography he proposes briefly to sketch, was a 
plain blunt soldier, born upon the frontiers, and who spent 
no inconsiderable portion of a long life amid the toils and 
perils of border wars: — a true patriot, who, if not first, was 
prominent among the men who sustained the heat and the 
burden of the revolutionary contest in this state. I mean 
General James Clinton. A brief sketch of his family, and 
especially of his father. Colonel Charles Clinton, may not be 
uninteresting. The name of Clinton has been prominent 
for the last hundred years, both in the colonial and state his- 
tory of New- York. For nearly forty years of that period, 
individuals of that name have held the high and responsible 



trust of governor, besides filling many other offices of a mi- 
litary, legislative, and judicial character. The different bran- 
ches of the family were originally from England. The first 
of the name who was distinguished here was the colonial 
governor, George Clinton, who was the youngest son of Fran- 
cis sixth Earl of Lincoln, and who was governor of the pro- 
vince of New- York from 1743 to 1753. He returned to 
England, and was afterwards appointed governor of Green- 
wich Hospital. He was the father of Sir Henry Clinton, 
who was in command of the English army during a part of 
the revolution. 

General James Clinton was a descendant of William Clin- 
ton, who was an adherent to the cause of royalty in the civil 
wars of England, and an officer in the army of Charles I. 
After the death of that monarch he went to the continent, 
where he remained a long time in exile. He afterwards 
passed over to Scotland, where he married a lady of the fa- 
mily of Kennedy. From Scotland he removed to Ireland, 
where he died, leaving one son. This son, James Clinton, 
on arriving at manhood, made au unsuccessful effort to re- 
cover his patrimonial estates in England. While in England 
he married a Miss Smith, a daughter of a captain in the army 
of Cromwell, and with his wife returned and settled in Ire- 
land. 

Charles Clinton, the son of this marriaofe,and the father of 
General James Clinton, was born in the county of Longford, in 
Ireland, in 1690. In 1729 he determined to emigrate to 
America. Being a man of influence, he prevailed upon a 
large number of his neighbors and friends to remove with 
him. He sailed from Dublin in a vessel called the George 
and Anne, in May, 1729, and by a receipt preserved among 
his papers, it seems that he paid for the passages of ninety- 
four persons. 

They were unfortunate in the selection of a vessel. The 
captain was a violent and unprincipled villain. They were 
poorly supplied with stores, and the voyage proving long, they 
suffered from disease and famine. A large number of pas- 
sengers died, including a son and daughter of Mr. Clinton. 
They were finally landed upon the coast of Massachusetts, 



the captain refusing to go to New- York or to Pennsylvania, 
the latter having been his original place of destination. 
Charles Clinton remained in Massachusetts until 1731, when 
he removed to the province of New- York, and settled at a 
place called Little Britain, in a region designated as the pre- 
cincts of the Highlands, afterwards a part of Ulster, and now 
a part of Orange county. Though within a few miles of the 
Hudson River, and within 60 or 70 miles of the city of New- 
York, the residence of Mr. Clinton was on the frontier of 
civilization. The virgin wilderness was around him. In 
the lano-uaare of some of the inhabitants of Ulster county 
after this period, in a petition to the colonial legislature ask- 
ing for protection, they say that they are bounded, on the 
west by the desert ; — a desert where, instead of the roaming 
Arab, the wild Indian erected his cabin, and "made his home 
and his grave." The inhabitants of that district were com- 
pelled to fortify their houses in orderto guard against inroads 
of the savages. In the subsequent Indian and French wars 
Charles Clinton took an active and efficient part. In 1758 
we find him in command of a regiment of provincial troops, 
stationed in the valley of the Mohawk, and in the summer of 
that year he joined the main army under General Bradstreet, 
on his way to Canada, and was present with him at the cap- 
ture of Fort Frontenac. Colonel Charles Clinton was a 
good mathematical scholar, and frequently acted as surveyor 
of lands, an employment of considerable importance and 
emolument in a new country. He was also a judge of the 
court of common pleas of Ulster county. He sustained a 
pure and elevated character, was neat in his person and dig' 
nified in his manners, and exerted a great influence in the 
district of country where he lived. 

In a letter to his son James, who was in the army, dated 
June, 1759, he says : " My advice to you is, to be diligent in 
your duty to God, your king and country, and avoid bad com- 
pany as much as in your province lies ; forbear learning 
habits of vice, for they grow too easily upon men in a public 
station, and are not easily broke off. Profane habits make 
men contemptible and mean. That God may grant you 
grace to live in his fear, and to discharge your duty with a 



good conscience, is the sincere desire of your affectionate fa- 
ther, Charles Clinton." Among his papers carefully pre- 
served and written upon parchment, 1 found the following 
certificate. It was his Christian passport which he carried 
with him when he embarked for the New World : 

"Whereas the bearer, Mr. Charles Clinton, and his wife 
Elizabeth, lived within the bounds of this Protestant dissen- 
ting congregation from their infancy, and now design for 
America ; this is to certify, that all along they behaved them- 
selves soberly and inoffensively, and are fit to be received into 
any Christian congregation where Providence may cast their 
lot. Also, that said Charles Clinton was a member of our 
session, and discharged the office of ruling elder very ac- 
ceptably ; this, with advice of session, given at Corbay, in 
the county of Longford, Ireland. Joseph Boxd, minister." 

I need scarcely add that Charles Clinton took an active 
part in the advancement of the cause of religion and good 
morals. He sometimes also courted the muses, and I find 
in the Common Place Book of De Witt Clinton, the follow- 
ing st anzas with this caption '. 

LINES 

Written by my grandfather Charles Clinton, and spoken over the grave of a 
dear departed sister, who had often nursed and taken care of him in his 
younger days. 

"Oh canst thou know, thou dear departed shade, 
The mighty sorrows that my soul invade; 
Whilst o'er thy mouldering frame I mourning stand. 
And view thy grave far from thy native land. 
With thee my tender years were early trained, 
Oft have thy friendly arms my weight sustained; 
And when with childish fears or pains oppressed, 
You with soft music lulled my soul to rest." 

He concludes his last will, made in 1771, and a short time 
before his decease, with the following directions : " It is my 
will I be buried in the graveyard on my own farm, beside my 
daughter Catharine ; and it is my will, the said grave-yard be 
made four rods square and open free road to it at all times 
when it shall be necessary ; and I nominate and appoint my 



said three sons, Charles, James and George, executors of this 
my last will, to see the same executed accordingly ; and I 
order that my said executors procure a suitable stone to lay 
over my grave, whereon I would have the time of my death, 
my age, and coat of arms cut. I hope they will indulge me 
in this last piece of vanity." He died on the 19th of No- 
vember, 1773, at his own residence, in the 83d year of his 
age, and in the full view of that revolution in which his sons 
were to act such distinguished parts. In his last moments 
he conjured them to stand by the liberties of America. 

His wife, Elizabeth Denniston, to whom he was married 
in Ireland, was an accomplished and intelligent woman. 
Her correspondence with her husband, as far as it has fallen 
under my observation, exhibits her in an interesting and com- 
manding light. She appears to have been well acquainted 
with the military operations of the times, and to have shared 
largely in the patriotic ardor of her husband and her sons. 
She died at the residence of her son James on the 25th of 
December, 1779, in the 75th year of her age. 

They left four sons, Alexander, Charles, James and George. 
The two former were physicians of considerable eminence. 
Charles was a surgeon in the British navy at the capture of 
the Havana. Of George Clinton, it will not of course be 
expected that 1 should speak at length. He was the youngest 
son. He was a soldier and a statesman. He was engaged in 
the French war and in the revolution ; he was a member of 
the Provincial assembly just before the revolution, and in 
that body was a fearless advocate of his country's liberty. 
He was the first governor of the state of New- York, and for 
twenty-one years was continued in that high and responsible 
office, and exerted, perhaps, a larger influence than any other 
man over the then future destinies of the empire state. He 
closed his eventful life while filling the chair of Vice-Presi- 
dent of the United States. 

James Clinton, the third son. and the father of De Witt 
Clinton, was born on the 9th of August, 1736, at the family 
residence in Little Britain. It has truly been said of him, 
that he was a warrior from his youth upward. Born upon 
the frontiers, with a hardy and vigorous constitution ; accus- 



\y 



tomed to alarms and Indian incursions, he became in early 
life attached to the profession of arms. As early as 1757, 
he was commissioned an ensign, and in the following year 
he was commissioned first lieutenant by James Delancey, 
lieutenant governor of this then province, and empowered 
to enlist troops ; and in 1759, being then twenty-three years 
of age, he attained the rank of captain in the provincial army. 
In 1758,a considerable army, under General Bradstreet, passed 
up the Mohawk valley, and thence to Lake Ontario, and by 
a well-directed attack, captured Fort Frontenac from the 
French. Colonel Charles Clinton, v/as at this time in com- 
mand of Fort Herkimer, near the German Flats, in the Mo- 
hawk valley, and as I have heretofore mentioned, joined 
General Bradstreet witli his regiment. James Clinton^ was 
also in this expedition, and Ue commanded a company, his 
brother George being lieutenant. At the attack upon Fort 
Frontenac, he exhibited an intrepidity of character which 
gained him great credit. He and his brother were instru- 
mental in capturing one of the French vessels. The capture 
of this fort was one of the brilliant exploits of the French 
war. 

Colonel Charles Clinton states in his journal, that the 
" destruction of this place (meaning Fort Frontenac,) and of 
the shipping, artillery and stores, is one of the greatest blows 
the French have met with in America, considering the con- 
sequences of it, as it was the store out of which all the forts 
to the southward were supplied ; and the shipping destroyed 
there, they employed in that service." The expedition was 
conducted with secrecy, and the French were taken unpre- 
pared. The fort contained but a small garrison, and was 
carried the second day after the commencement of the siege. 
Similar expeditions were common in that war. Armies 
plunged into the wilderness and forced their way up streams 
and over morasses with great labor and difficulty. The pro- 
vince of New- York was the principal battle ground. For- 
tresses were erected on the whole then northern frontier, 
extending from Lake George through the valley of the Mo- 
hawk, and along the shores of Lake Ontario to the vicinity 
of the great cataract itself. The Englishman and the An- 



9 

glo-American fought side by side against France and her 
dependencies, and it seemed at times as if the fate of nations 
three thousand miles removed, was to be decided by the hot 
contests of their armies amid the green forests of this west- 
ern world. 

It is to be hoped that the persevering and able author of 
the life of the great captain of the Six Nations, will follow 
out his original plan, and give to the world a full and accu- 
rate narrative of the thrilling scenes and romantic incidents 
of these early border wars. 

From 1758 to 1763, .Tames Clinton continued in the pro- 
vincial army, now stationed upon the frontier posts, engaged 
in the border skirmishes, and now enlistinsf new recruits un- 
der orders from the colonial governors, Sir Charles Handy, 
James Delancey and Cadwallader Colden. In the latter 
year, 1763, he raised Smd commanded a corps of two hun- 
dred men, who were designated as guards of the frontier. 
He continued in the army until the close of the French war, 
and seems to have enjoyed, in a large degree, the confidence 
of the government and of his fellow soldiers. 

After the close of the war he retired to his farm at Little 
Britain, and married Mary De Witt, a daughter of Egbert 
De Witt, a young lady of great respectability, whose ances- 
tors were from Holland. He had four sons by this marriage, 
Alexander, who was private secretary to his uncle George ; 
Charles, who was a lawyer in Orange county ; De Witt, the 
third son, born in March, 1769 ; and George, who was also 
a lawyer and a member of Congress, all of whom are now 
deceased. 

.Tames Clinton, however, in time of peace, could not en- 
tirely forsake the tented field. He entered with zeal into the 
militia organization, and was a lieutenant colonel of a regi- 
ment in Orange county. At the commencement of the re- 
volutionary war he entered warmly into the continental ser- 
vice. His brother George, as has been related, had been for 
many years a representative in the colonial assembly from 
his native county, and had from the first advocated his coun- 
try's cause with that fearlessness and energy of character 
for which he was distinguished. 



10 

The two brothers were not unmindful of the dying in- 
junctions of their patiiotic sire, and hand in hand, at the first 
moment of outbreak, they entered the arena and joined their 
pledges of faith and support to the colonial cause. 

In 1775, James Clinton was appointed colonel of the third 
regiment of New-York troops, raised by the order of the 
Continental Congress ; and in 1776, he was promoted to the 
rank of brigadier general. In the summer of this year he 
was employed in the expedition against Canada, under Ge- 
neral Montgomery, and was before the walls of Quebec at the 
time of the fall of that brave and gallant general. In the 
summer of 1777, that gloomy period when almost the whole 
force of the British armies in America was concentrated upon 
the State of New-York. General Clinton was stationed at 
Fort Montgomery, upon tlie Hudson river, and together with 
his brother the governor, made a firm though unsuccessful 
resistance to the advance of the enemy, under Sir Henry 
Clinton. 

The attack upon this fort, and also upon Fort Clinton, sepa- 
rated only by a creek, was made on the 6th of October, 1777, 
by an army of three thousand men. Some out-posts had 
been carried during the day. 

" As the night was approaching," says Sir Henry Clinton 
in his official despatch, " I determined to seize the first favo- 
rable instant. A brisk attack on the Montgomery side ; the 
galleys with their oars approaching, firing and even striking 
the fort ; the men-of-war that moment appearing, crowding 
all sail to support us ; the extreme ardor of the troops ; in 
short, all determined me to order the attack." The attack 
was continued until eight o'clock in the evening, when the 
enemy carried the forts by storm, and at the point of the bayo- 
net. General Clinton, in the midst of the darkness and 
confusion, though wounded, succeeded in making his es- 
cape. These forts were intended to guard the navigation of 
the river, and to prevent the ascent of the enemy's ships, 
and were said not to have been well protected on the land 
side. Be this as it may, they were not sufficiently garrisoned. 
As early as March, General Clinton wrote to General 
McDougal, saying, " I understand the committee are uneasy 



11 

at the want of stores in this fort, but I think they have 
more reason to be uneasy that we are not reinforced with 
more troops, as we have not a sufficiency to do the usual 
duty of the garrison on each side of the creek." It is pre- 
sumed that they were better supplied with troops at the time 
of the attack, but there was still a deficiency. The time of 
service of many of the troops had expired, and they were 
with difficulty prevailed upon to remain. The campaign of 
the north also required the flower of the army. The con- 
duct t5f George Clinton and James Clinton in this defence 
received the approbation of Congress. 

During the greater part of 1778, General Clinton was sta- 
tioned at West Point, and for a portion of that year was en- 
gaged in throwing a chain across the Hudson to prevent the 
ascent of the river by the enemy's ships. The summer of 
that year has been rendered memorable upon the then fron- 
tiers, by reason of the massacres of Wyoming and Cherry 
Valley, under armies of Indians and tories, led on by the 
Butlers and Brant. On the 16th of November, 1778, and 
just after the massacre at Cherry Valley, which occurred on 
the 11th of that month, General Washington wrote to Gene- 
ral Hand, acknowledging the receipt of his letter containing' 
the information of the destruction of that place, and adds, " It 
is in the highest degree distressing, to have our frontiers so 
continually harassed by this collection of banditti under 
Brant and Butler." He then inquires whether offensive 
operations could not be carried on against them at that sea- 
son of the year, and if not tlien, when and how. This let- 
ter was probably referred to General Clinton, as it has been 
preserved among his papers ; and it contains the first inti- 
mation which I have seen of that expedition against the Six 
Nations in the following year, known as Sullivan's expedi- 
tion, in which General Clinton was called to act a distin- 
guished part. 

It was determined to "carry the war into Africa." In 
other words, it was resolved to overrun the whole Indian 
country, and thus, if possible, put an end to the constant and 
harassing inroads of the enemy upon the frontier settle- 
ments. For this purpose extensive preparations were made^ 



12 

and after some difficulty in obtaining a commander, the ex- 
pedition was intrusted to General Sullivan. It was decided 
that the army sliould move early in the Spring of 1779. Ge- 
neral Sullivan was to cross to Easton, in Pennsylvania, and 
into the valley of the Susquehannah, while General Clinton 
was to pass up the Mohawk Valley, and either unite with 
Sullivan in the Indian country, or else cross over from the 
Mohawk River to Lake Otsego, and proceed thence down the 
eastern branch of the Susquehannah. The latter route was 
finally determined upon, though General Washington pre- 
ferred the former, as did General Clinton. The latter gave 
as his reasons that the army could move up the Mohawk 
Valley and enter the Indian country with more ease and less 
delay, and that a movement in that direction would be more 
decisive and fatal to the Indians. The whole expedition was, 
however, under the control of General Sullivan, who pre- 
ferred the other route, and it was adopted. 

On the 1st of June, 1779, General Clinton's detachment, 
consisting of about two thousand troops, moved from Al- 
bany and proceeded up the Mohawk Valley as far as 
Canajoharie. Here they pitched their camp, and with great 
labor carried over their boats and stores to the head of Lake 
Otsego, a distance of nearly twenty miles. 

While encamped at Canajoharie, two spies were arrested 
and a court martial ordered to try them. Their names were 
Hare and Newberry. They were both natives of that sec- 
tion of country, and had been with the parties of Indians 
and tories who had laid waste the settlements. Newberry 
was a sergeant in one of the organized companies of tories, 
and was engaged in the massacre at Cherry Valley, where he 
killed a daughter of a Mr. Mitchell, under circumstances of 
cruelty almost unparalleled. 

A party of Indians had plundered the house and murdered 
his wife and children. After they left, Mitchell returned to 
the house and found one child, a Utile girl about eleven or 
twelve years of age, who was still alive. He carried her to 
the door, and while eno^aged in endeavoring to restore her 
to consciousness, he saw another party approaching. He 
agam retreated, and from his hiding place saw Newberry, 



13 

with a blow of his hatchet, extinguish the little spark of life 
that remained in his child. Retributive justice often follows 
close on the heels of crime. At this court martial for the 
trial of Newberry, Mitchell was called as a witness. 

If I possessed the wand of the great magician, I might 
draw aside the curtain and present to your view this court 
martial scene. I might show to you the rough soldier brush- 
ing aAvay a tear, and the pale cheek and quivering lip of the 
guilty Newberry, as the witness related the simple and affec- 
ting story of his sufferings, of the destruction of all his 
earthly hopes, of that massacre which had widowed him, and 
sent him forth upon tbe world homeless and childless. 

Both Hare and Newberry were found guilty and hung as 
spies, and their execution, says General Clinton, gave great 
satisfaction to the inhabitants. Their bodies were given to 
their friends tor interment, and were placed in coffins which 
were laid upon the ground floor of a house near the place of 
execution. While the bodies were lying in that situation, it 
was alleged that a large black snake ran hissing from the wall 
of the house, and passing around or over the body of New- 
berry, glided away and disappeared in the opposite wall. 
The tradition was current a few years since, and I have my- 
self heard the statement from the lips of the living actors of 
that period. The story is also alluded to by De Witt Clin- 
ton, in his journal which he kept when exploring the canal 
route in 1810. The report of this, as was supposed, appear- 
ance of his Satanic Majesty himself, to convey away the soul 
of Sergeant Newberry, produced a strong impression upon 
the minds of many of the unlettered and superstitous Ger- 
mans of the Mohawk Valley. 

I cannot forbear, in this place, to pay a passing tribute to 
some of these Germans, whose advice General Clinton was 
requested to take, who were educated men, and who sup- 
ported the American cause with great zeal and courage. 

Among them was the Rev. Dr. Gross, the clergyman at Ca- 
najoharie, and Christopher P. Yates and John Frey, both 
lawyers, and residents in that vicinity. After the war, the 
Rev. Dr. Gross was chosen one of the professors of Columbia 
College, and I cannot present to you so correct and beauti- 



14 

fill ail outline of his character as is drawn by De Witt Clin- 
ton, in iiis address before the alumni of that college, which 
has never been printed, and which was the last of his lite- 
rary efforts. 

" The Rev. Dr. Gross," says Governor Clinton, '' a native of 
Germany, and who had received a finished education in her 
celebrated schools, was a professor of the German Language 
and Geography, and afterwards a professor of Moral Philo- 
sophy. He had emigrated to this country before the revolu- 
tion and settled near the banks of the Mohawk, in a frontier 
country, peculiarly exposed to irruptions from Canada and 
the hostile Indians. When war commenced, he took the 
side of America, and, enthroned in the hearts of his coun- 
trymen, and distinguished for the courage which marks the 
German character, he rallied the desponding — animated the 
wavering — confirmed the doubtful — and encouraged the 
brave to more than ordinary exertion. With the Bible in 
one hand and the sword in the other, he stood forth in the 
united character of patriot and christian, vindicating the 
liberties of mankind, and amidst the most appalling dangers, 
and the most awful vicissitudes, like the Red Cross Knight of 
the Fairy Queen, 

" Right faiihful tnu' he was, in deed and word." 

Such was the Rev. Dr. Gross, at the time of which we have 
been speaking. 

Another of the Germans of tlie Mohawk V^alley was 
Christopher P. Yates, an early and ardent friend of the revo- 
lution. He was a lawyer by profession, and some of the 
resolutions drawn up by him, and adopted by the committees 
of safety, were patriotic in sentiment and fearless in tone, and 
would have done no discredit to any provincial assembly, or 
even to the Continental Congress itself. 

Another of these Germans, was Major John Frey, a bro- 
ther-in-law of Christopher P. Yates, and the last chairman 
of the Tryon county committee. He was one of the most 
prominent and active of the revolutionary patriots of the 



15 

Mohawk Valley ; and I trust I shall be excused by an mdul- 
gent auditory, for sketching the interview which it was my 
good fortune to have with him several years since. 

It was in the winter of 1830, that I presented myself at 
the mansion of Major Frey, and desired an interview 
for the purpose of conferring with him and of obtaining 
such manuscripts as he might have preserved. 

Age and infirmity then sat heavily upon him. In the lan- 
afuaofe of the afood old Oneida chief Skenando, he was like 
an aged pine through whose branches had whistled the 
winds of an hundred winters. Like Skenando, also, the 
generation which had acted with him had gone and left 
him. 

My own ancestors had sat in committee with him, and had 
shared in the toils, and in the fearful and bloody contests of 
the border. I never shall forget the appearance of this gray 
haired sire as I entered his room, and was kindly introduced 
to him by his son, as a descendant of one of his co-laborers 
in the revolution. His son explained to him at the same 
time briefly, the object of my visit. He was entirely blind, 
and nearly deaf, so much so that it required a loud voice to 
rouse him. As soon as he understood his son fully, like a 
patriarch of old, he rose up and extending his trembling 
hand, requested that I would draw near to him that he might 
touch me." His fervent language was, " God bless you, my 
son, and prosper you in your undertaking. Your grand- 
father and myself fought side by side in the revolution. I have 
somewhere several papers which may assist you. They are 
yours — keep them." In a neglected spot in the garret, from a 
mass of unimportant and moth eaten papers, I selected seve- 
ral documents of great interest, and which were of much 
service in throwing light upon the history of the Valley, es- 
pecially many of the proceedings of the Committee of Safety 
during tlie early part of the war. 

A few years after this interview, the good old patriot was 
called to his rest, but the impression will pass away from my 
memory only with the decay of the faculty itself. 

But I am wandering too much from my subject. On the 
1st of July, General Clinton broke up his camp at Canajo- 



16 

harie, and crossed over to Lake Otsego, where his boats and 
stores had previously been carried, and, launching his boats, 
passed down to the outlet, and again encamped upon the 
spot where now is built the beautiful village of Cooperstown, 
the Tempi eton of the Pioneers. Two hundred and eight 
batteaux, and a large amountof provisions and military stores, 
had been carried across from the Mohawk river. Here, under 
date of 13th of July, General Clinton writes to Mrs. Clinton, 
saying that she probably expects that the army is in the midst 
of the Indian country, but that he is still waiting orders to 
move ; that he is impatient for them, but that his situation is 
by no means unpleasant ; that he can catch perch in the lake 
and trout in the streams, and hunt the deer upon the moun- 
tains. Lake Otsego is a beautiful little lake, about nine 
miles long, and varies in breadth from one to three miles. 
Its elevation is about twelve hundred feet above tide water, 
and it is ahuost embosomed by hills ; the water is deep and 
clear. The scenery from many points is highly picturesque 
and wild. 

" Tall rocks and tufted knolls, their face 
Could on the dark blue mirror trace." 

At this period, save in one or two places, no mark of civiliza- 
tion was visible. And though 

" Each boatman bending to his oar, 
With measured sweep the burthen bore," 

they could not but gaze at times with delight upon the 
natural beauties which surrounded them. 

The outlet of this lake is narrow. General Clinton hav- 
ing passed his boats through, caused a dam to be thrown 
across ; the lake was raised several feet ; a party was sent 
forward to clear the river of drift wood ; when ready to move, 
the dam was broken up, and the boats glided swiftly down 
with the current. 

On the 22dof August, this division arrived at Tioga and 
joined the main army under General Sullivan. 

On the 26th of August, the whole army moved from Tioga 



17 

up the river of that name, and on the 29tli, fell in with the 
enemy at Newtown. Here a spirited engagement took place 
in which the enemy was routed ; this was the only battle. 
When it was first announced that an army was marching 
into their country, the Indians laughed at their supposed folly, 
believing it impossible for a regular army to traverse the 
wilderness and drive them from their fastnesses. 

On the 14th of September, the army arrived at the Gene- 
see river ; and the rich alluvial bottom lands, which now 
constitute the garden of this state, had even then been ex- 
tensively cultivated by the Indians. Scarcely a tree Avas to 
be seen over the whole extent. Modern curiosity and enter- 
prise had not then rendered familiar the mighty valleys and 
prairies of the West ; and officers and soldiers gazed alike 
with surprise and admiration upon the rich prospect before 
them. The army, as it emerged from the woods, and as 
company after company tiled off and formed upon the plain, 
presented an animating and imposing spectacle. 

The whole country of the Onondagas, the Cayugas and 
Senecas, was overrun by this expedition. Vast quantities of 
grain were destroyed ; all the Indian villages were laid 
waste ; and it was fondly hoped that the Indians, driven 
back, and having lost their provisions and stores, would be 
prevented from making further inroads into the border set- 
tlements. This was not considered merely as a retaliatory 
measure. The western part of New- York was the granary 
from whence the Indians and tories drew their supplies. 
Cut olf from these, it was thought they would be driven 
back into Canada, and that a stop would be put to further in- 
cursions. 

Such, however, unfortunately for the frontier settlements, 
was not the effect. In the following summer these incur- 
sions were renewed ; and they were continued throughout 
the war. For nearly eight years the inhabitants were kept 
in almost constant alarm, and were the victims of this bar- 
barous warfare until they became a peeled and scattered peo- 
ple. The whole valley of the Mohawk, including the valley 
of Schoharie, and all the settlements to the south upon the 
head waters of the Susquehanna, were entirely destroyed- 



18 

There was not a spot which had escaped the ravages of the 
enemy. 

" It was the computation," says the author of the Life of 
Brant, " two years before the close of the war, that one third 
of the population had gone over to the enemy, and that one 
third had been driven from the country or slain in battle, and 
by private assassination. And yet among the inhabitants of 
the other remaining third, in June, 1783, it was stated at a 
public meeting held at Fort Plain, that there were three hun- 
dred widows and two thousand orphan children." In great 
justice and truth he has added, '• that no other section or 
district of country in the United States, of like extent, suf- 
fered in any comparable degree as much from the war of the 
Revolution as did that of the Mohawk. It was the most 
frequently invaded and overrun, and that too by an enemy 
far more barbarous than the native barbarians of the forest." 

In the early part of 1780, the year following the expedi- 
tion against the Six Nations, General Clinton was stationed 
upon the Hudson river. In October, of that year, and after 
the discovery of the treason of Arnold, General Washington 
wrote to General Clinton, then at West Point, as follows : 
"As it is necessary there should be an officer in whom the 
state has confidence to take the general direction of affairs at 
Albany and on the frontier, I have fixed upon you for this 
purpose, and request you will proceed to Albany without 
delay, and assume the command. You will.be particularly at- 
tentive to the post of Fort Schuyler, and do every thing in 
your power to have it supplied with a good stock of provi- 
sions and stores, and you will take every other precaution, 
the means at your command will permit, for the security of 
the frontier, giving the most early advice of any incursions 
of the enemy." 

General Clinton repaired to Albany, and took the direction 
of affairs in the northern department, according to the in- 
structions of the commander-in-chief. That post had been 
one of great responsibility during the whole of the war, and 
at the time of General Clinton's appointment it had not lost 
its importance. 

The spring of 1781 found the American army, and espe- 



19 

cially that portion of it stationed at the North and West, al- 
'most destitute of provisions. This arose in part from some 
defective arrangement in the commissary department, and in 
part from the fact, that the whole Mohawk Valley had been 
laid waste, which was one of the best sources of supplies in 
the earlier part of the war. General Clinton communicated 
intelligence of the destitute condition of the army to Gene- 
ral Washington, early in the spring of that year, and under 
date of May 4th, the commander-in-chief replied, saying, 
" he had received and read his letter, and transmitted it to 
Congress to aid in enforcing his own suggestions. That 
measures must be taken to procure provisions, and where 
persuasion, entreaty and requisition fail, coercion mi,st be 
used, rather than the garrison of Fort Schuyler shall fall, 
and the frontier be again desolated and laid waste. I am 
persuaded the state will make a great effort to afford a supply 
of flour for the troops in that quarter ; and I confess I see no 
other alternative under our present circumstances." 

Coercion was used in order to procure supplies of provi- 
sions, and coercion saved the American army from dismem- 
berment during the summer of 1781. 

In a letter of a subsequent date, General Washington says, 
"whenever any quantity arrives you may depend upon hav- 
ing a full proportion of it, being determined to share our last 
morsel with you, and support your, posts, if possible, at all 
hazards and extremities." 

The situation of the army at the North was deplorable in- 
deed. The different detachments were stationed not where 
they were needed for defence, but where they could procure 
supplies of provisions. The enemy, taking advantage of 
the trials and suffering-s of the soldiers, made great efforts to 
produce disaffection and desertion in their ranks. Emissa- 
ries were sent among them, and the tories especially were 
active in their efforts. In this they were but too successful . 
and General Clinton, in a letter dated in May, says, that un- 
less the army is relieved, so prevalent is the spirit of deser- 
tion, every post must be abandoned and the country depo- 
pulated. 

Under this impression. General Clinton determined upon 



20 

taking decisive measures which should strike terror into the 
hearts of the disaffected and tories, and by executing sum- 
mary punishment, to prevent at least their active interference 
in causing: the desertion of the soldiers. 

The following letter to Captain Du Bois, under date of 
June Istj 1781, will more fully convey his views : 

"Sir: I have received your letter of yesterday. From 
good information, I am well convinced that parties of the 
enemy are out on the recruiting service, and that they are 
protected, harbored, and subsisted, by the disaffected people 
on the frontiers. I am informed by a letter this morning re- 
ceived from the commanding officer at Johnstown, that seve- 
ral tories have been apprehended at that place for encourag- 
ing our soldiers to desert, and for subsisting them in their ha- 
bitations until they can have an opportunity to join the ene- 
my. I therefore desire, that as so«n as you can be thorough- 
ly convinced of any disafiected persons in your quarter being 
guilty of either seducing any of our soldiers to desert, or 
subsisting or harboring them when deserted, you will not be 
at the pains of taking them prisoners, but kill them on the 
spot. If, also, you should find any of them to harbor parties 
from the enemy, by whicli means any of our good frontier 
inhabitants do in person get killed, you will also retaliate 
vengeance on them life for life. 

" 1 have issued and forwarded these orders to the different 
posts, which you may promulge, and not secrete, that the 
tories may know their fate for their future misbehavior. 
" I soon expect better supplies of men and provisions." 

These measures, it is believed, had a salutary effect. 

General Clinton continued in command at Albany until 
August, 1781, when he embarked the troops immediately 
under his command, for the purpose of joining the comman- 
der-in-chief, and was succeeded in the command of the north- 
ern army by General Stark. 

In the winter or spring of 1782, some promotions were 
made by the Continental Congress, by which a junior officer 
took precedence over General Clinton. The veteran soldier 



21 

could not brook what he deemed a great injury. He solicited 
and obtained leave to withdraw from the active duties of the 
camp. In a letter dated April 10th, 1782, General Clinton 
says: 

" At an early period of the war I entered into the service 
of my country, and I have continued in it during all the vi- 
cissitudes of fortune, and am conscious that I have exerted 
my best endeavors to serve it with fidelity. I have never 
sought emolument or promotion, and as the difierent com- 
mands I have held were unsolicited, I might have reasonably 
expected, if my services were no longer wanted, to have 
been indulged at least with a decent dismission." 

He did not retire from the army entirely, but joined again 
the commander-in-chief, and was present at the evacuation of 
New- York, where he took leave of General Washington, and 
retired to his farm at Little Britain. The war was happily 
terminated, and peace again reigned along the borders. 

Then followed what has been well denominated the nisfht 
of the confederation. In the midst of war, and while press- 
ed by foes from without, the inefficiency of the articles of 
confederation were not so fully realized. But now darkness 
shrouded the future, or if that future portended aughft, it por- 
tended a broken and dismembered confederacy. 

The convention which assembled at Philadelphia in May, 
1787, for the purpose of forming a federal constitution, arose 
like the day-star upon this benighted land. The convention 
of New- York, called to ratify this constitution presented by 
the convention of Philadelphia, assembled at Poughkeepsie in 
June, 1788, and it embraced men, in themselves a host, and 
the mention of whose names should excite emotions of patri- 
otism and of pride in the bosom of every New-Yorker. 
There was John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, George Clinton, 
John Lansing, Robert R. Livingston, James Clinton, Melanc- 
thon Smith, James Duane, Samuel Jones, with others of less 
note, but well known in those times for their sterling patriot- 
ism. Among the number were Christopher P. Yates and 
John Frey, to whom I have heretofore alluded, and who re- 
presented in convention the then county of Montgomery. 
George Clinton and General James Clinton were delegates 



22 

from Ulster county. George Clinton was unanimously cho- 
sen president of the convention. The debates were conti- 
nued for six weeks with all the talent and address of the dis- 
tinguished speakers whose names I have mentioned. 

On the side of the constitution were John Jay, Alexander 
Hamilton and Robert R. Livingston, and opposed to its un- 
conditional adoption, were George Clinton, Melancthon Smith 
and John Lansing. General James Clinton united with his 
brother George, and to the last they both persisted in their 
opposition, e^en when many of those who at first acted with 
them had joined the other party, and were in favor of an un- 
conditional adoption of the constitution. 

George Clinton stated, that in times of trouble and difficul- 
ty men were always in danger of passing to extremes ; that 
while he admitted the confederation to be weak and ineffi- 
cient, and entirely inadequate for the purposes of union, he 
at the same time feared that the new constitution, proposed 
to be adopted, would give too much power to the federal go- 
vernment. The sturdy democrat foresaw that powers were 
conferred upon the executive of the Union by that constitu- 
tion which could be used, with almost irresistible force, 
for good or for evil ; and had his life been spared to have 
witnessed its operation until the close of the first half century 
of its existence, he would have learned that his prophesy, to 
some extent at least, had become history. It was under the 
views above stated that both the Clintons voted in conven- 
tion against the unconditional adoption of the present fede- 
ral constitution. They were in favor of a modification, or 
of only a qualified adoption. 

When the constitution was adopted and became the su- 
preme law of the land, they both supported and cherished it 
with their usual decision and energy of character. 

General James Clinton was afterwards called to fill several 
important stations. He was elected a member of the state 
senate, a member of the convention to revise the constitu- 
tion, and was appointed a commissioner to run the boundary 
line between New- York and Pennsylvania. While engaged 
in this latter service he was treated with marked attention by 
the Indians in the western part of New- York, in conse- 



23 

quence of his having been, as they considered, a brave sol- 
dier. They recollected him as having been engaged in Sul- 
livan's expedition, and described his dress and the horse 
which he rode in the battle of Newtown ; and they offered 
to bestow upon him a tract of land, and desired his permis- 
sion to apply to the legislature for liberty to make a con- 
veyance to him. Their offer was declined, but it was a 
flattering compliment, coming as it did from those who had 
been enemies, and whose country had been laid waste partly 
by his instrumentality. 

With the exceptions above mentioned, the residue of Ge- 
neral Clinton's life, after the war, was spent in peaceful retire- 
ment upon his estate at liittle Britain. 

He died at his residence in 1812, just at the commence- 
ment of another war. He had seen his country under 
all the vicissitudes of good and evil fortune. 

The pen of his illustrious son has recorded his epitaph, 
and thus beautifully sums up his character : 

"His life was principally devoted to the military service 
of his country, and he had filled, with fidelity and honor, 
several distinguished civil offices. 

" He was an officer in the revolutionary war, and the war 
preceding, and at the close of the former was a major gene- 
ral in the army of the United States. He was a good man 
and a sincere patriot, performing, in the most exemplary 
manner, all the duties of life, and he died as he had lived, 
without fear and without reproach." 



I 






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